2014考研英语语法:倒装句

来源:中国研究生招生网www.eduyz.net 作者:yzw 时间:2013-04-24 09:21:54
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英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”,这种语序称为陈述句语序或自然语序(normal word order),如果把谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前,就称为倒装语序(inverted word order),当谓语全部置于主语之前,称为全部倒装(full inversion);当谓语一部分(如助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前,称为部分倒装(partial inversion)。

  一、全部倒装

  (一)there be句型

  有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型,如:stand, lie, exist, live, remain, appear, come, happen, occur, rise等。

  例句: Generally, there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. (选自2007年Use of English)

  分析: 该句是复合句,其中a belief与that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states互为同位语关系,形容词短语large enough to be...作定语修饰states。

  译文: 他们普遍认为新生的国家是拥有主权和完全独立的国家,大到经济上可运行良好,并由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。

  例句: There stands a monument to Lin Zexu at the center of the square, which attracts a great many of visitors all the year round.

  分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句which attracts a great many of...修饰a monument。

  译文: 广场中心矗立着林则徐纪念碑,每年吸引着成千上万的游客。

  (二)here, there等词置于句首

  here,there,now,then,thus,hence置于句首而主语不是人称代词时,主谓倒装;如果主语是人称代词或非人称代词,主谓不倒装。

  例句: It is so late,and now is the hour when we must say good bye.

  分析: 该句是并列句。

  译文: 太晚了,是该说再见的时候了。

  例句: ——Where is the report of urban plan made by the committee?

  ——There it is.

  分析: 上下句同为简单句。

  译文: ——委员会所做的城市规划放哪儿了?

  ——在这里。

  例句: Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention,of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.

  (选自2002年Text 1)

  分析: 该句是复合句,which I heard at a nurses convention和which works well共同修饰story。

  译文: 举个例子,在一次护士大会上,我听到了一个效果很理想的幽默故事,因为听众都对医生持有相同的看法。

  (三)表示方向、地点的状语置于句首

  up, down, away, here, in, out, off等置于句首时,需要全部倒装。

  例句: Following the roar out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.

  分析: 该句是简单句。

  译文: 一声吼叫过后,一只猛虎从丛林中蹿了出来。

  例句: In came a number of boys and girls talking and laughing.

  分析: 该句是简单句,talking and laughing在句中作伴随状语。

  译文: 一群孩子边说边笑走了进来。

  (四)作表语的形容词或分词置于句首

  例句: Present at the press conference were director and general manager of the Shenzhenbased enterprise.

  分析: 该句是简单句。

  译文: 出席记者招待会的是总部设在深圳的企业董事长和总经理。

  例句: Lying unconsciously under the tree was an old man aged 75.

  分析: 该句是简单句,aged 75修饰an old man,作后置定语。

  译文: 一位75岁高龄的老人躺在树下,已经不省人事。

  二、部分倒装

  (一)否定词或具有(半)否定意义的词或词组置于句首作状语

  如:never, scarcely, hardly, rarely, seldom, little, no sooner...than, hardly...when,scarcely...when (before), not only, in no case (in no way, at no time, on no account, by no means,under no circumstances,in no respects)(决不,在任何情况下都不), no longer/no more (不再)。

  例句: Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. (2005年第46题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,and前是一复合句,定语从句by which...修饰the means,后一分句中never置于句首引起倒装。

  译文: 电视是制造和表达这些情绪的方式之一,在加强不同民族和国家之间的联系方面,电视也许还从来没有像在欧洲事务中那样起过如此大的作用。

  例句: Not only is there a wide range of prices for goods in America, there is also a wide range in the quality of goods offered for sale.

  分析: 该句是并列句。

  译文: 美国商品不仅价格变化很大,而且供出售的商品质量也有很大不同。

  例句: Under no circumstance should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of both the people and the state.

  分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that will benefit...both and the state修饰anything, under no circumstance置于句首引起倒装。

  译文: 在任何情况下,我们都不应只为了自己的利益而不惜损害祖国和人民的利益。

  (二)only+副词/介词短语/状语从句(句首状语由only修饰)

  例句: Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. (选自2004年Part B)

  分析: 该句是复合句,that were very different from their own是修饰languages的定语从句。

  译文: 直到最近,语言学家才开始认真研究与他们自己所掌握的完全不同的语言。

  例句: Only when you have been absorbed in the study can you reach an idea whether it is impossible or not to complete it on time.

  分析: 该句是复合句,an idea与whether it is impossible or not to complete it on time是同位语关系,only置于状语从句之前引起倒装。

  译文: 只有当你全身心投入该研究中时,你才能得知能否按时完成。

  例句: Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.

  (2009年第47题)

  分析: 该句是由and连接的两个并列简单句,两个分句都是以only开头的倒装句,在前一分句中,主干部分是the byproduct of the institution was noted, only gradually修饰noted;在后一分句中,主干是this effect was considered..., 其中only more gradually修饰considered, as a directive factor作主语this effect的补足语,介词短语in the conduct of the institution作directive factor的后置定语。

  译文: 人们只是逐渐地认识到制度这一副产品,而在运行这种制度的过程中,认识到这种效果具有指导性作用的时间则更加缓慢。

  (三)条件从句中省略if

  在虚拟语气中,条件从句if省略时,倒装到主语前的是助动词should, had和系动词were。

  例句: Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could dramatically transform a familyrun enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers. (1999年第13题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,were the Times Co. to purchase是一省略if的倒装句,that it could dramatically...enterprise是doubt的同位语,而that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers是修饰enterprise的定语从句。

  译文: 如果时代公司要收购另一家主流媒体公司的话,那仍旧靠报纸获得90%收入的家族式企业的模式肯定会遭到它大刀阔斧的改革。

  例句: Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. (1998年第10题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,had it not been...是一个省略if的倒装从句,整个句子表示混合式虚拟语气,主句表示与现在相反假设,从句表示与过去相反假设。

  译文: 要不是公众及时投资,我们公司不会像现在这么繁荣。

  (四)其他部分倒装情况

  表示前面陈述的情况适合于后者,前面是肯定句,后面用so引导;前面是否定句,后面用neither或nor引导,省略倒装句中的助动词在时态和语态形式上与前面句子保持一致。

  例句: Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom” generation reached its childbearing years.

  (选自1998年Text 4)

  分析: 该句是复合句,as引导一原因状语从句,and so did...是省略了相同成分的倒装句。

  译文: 接连不断的移民潮,还有当年“生育高峰”时期出生的孩子已经到了生育年龄,这些因素也起了作用。

  例句: Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. (选自2005年Text 4)

  分析: 该句是由nor引导的并列句。whether in speech or in writing的完整形式是whether they are in speech or in writing,表示让步;介词短语with skill and gift在句中作状语修饰动词command。

  译文: 美国人不再期望公众人物在演讲或写作时可以娴熟地运用技巧和文采来掌握英语,而人们本身也不这样要求自己。

  (五)so...that结构

  so...that结构中,“so+状语”位于句首表强调时,使用倒装。

  例句: So much does he worry about his parents that he cant sleep well at night.

  分析: 该句是复合句,that he cant sleep well at night是一结果状语从句,so much置于句首引起倒装。

  译文: 他特别担心父母,以至于晚上难以入睡。

  例句: So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

  (2001年第6题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,that leaders at summer computer camps...是一结果状语从句,so involved with...置于句首引起倒装。

  译文: 孩子们对电脑如此着迷,以至于电脑夏令营的组织者们不得不强迫他们停下来做一些体育运动和游戏。

  (六)not until置于句首

  not until置于句首时,连词until引导的从句主谓不倒装,但主句的主谓结构必须倒装。

  例句: Not until you return those books to the library immediately will you have to pay a fine.

  分析: 该句是复合句。由于not until置于句首,主句will you have to pay a fine是一倒装句。

  译文: 只有及时还书给图书馆,你才不会受罚。

  例句: Not until an infant hedgehog open its eyes does it leave its nest to follow its mother about.

  分析: 该句是复合句。

  译文: 小刺猬一睁开眼就离开洞穴,步步不离地跟在妈妈周围。

  (七)下列几类副词或介词短语作状语置于句首表强调

  频度副词:often, always, many a time, every day, now and then等;

  方式副词:gladly, sadly, well, with every justification,with good reason等;

  表程度的副词或介词短语:especially, to such length(s), to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes。

  例句: With every justification did he explain his fault in the exam held by school.

  分析: 该句是简单句,with every justification置于句首引起倒装。

  译文: 他以种种借口解释他在学校举行的考试中所犯的错误。

  例句: To such a degree did he go on with his tedious speech that some of us began to yawn.

  分析: 该句是复合句,that some of us began to yawn是一结果状语从句。

  译文: 他如此滔滔不绝地进行那冗长的演讲,以至于我们中间有些人都开始哈欠连天。

  (八)as, though, no matter how, however引导的让步状语从句

  as, though引导的倒装句型为:名词(前不加a或an)/形容词/副词+as+主语+谓语,该结构可用(al)though引导的让步状语从句来替换,译为“虽然”或“尽管”。

  例句: Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.

  分析: 该句是复合句,其中从句much as I have traveled是一倒装句,短语“equal sb. in sth.”意为“在某方面与他人旗鼓相当”。

  译文: 虽然我常旅行,但我从未见过任何人于任何工作能像她那样一丝不苟。

  例句: Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (1998年第75题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,odd though it sounds是一倒装句,其中it指代cosmic inflation,介词短语in elementaryparticle physics修饰ideas,that it is true在句中作convinced的宾语,另一介词短语for the better part of a decade作状语表示时间。

  译文: 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但它还是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家十年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。

  (九)be+主语+其他(若其他是单数名词作宾语,则名词前不接不定冠词a/an)

  这是一开放式条件状语从句,属于特殊倒装结构,表示泛指。该结构可用whether...or结构来替换,同时单数名词前的不定冠词保持不变,可译为“不管是……”。

  例句: Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. (2001年第10题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,be they...是一倒装句,相当于whether they are...。

  译文: 我们所使用的教堂一词,指的是所有的宗教机构,不管它们是基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教或犹太教等。

  例句: In an urban society in which highly structured, fastpaced and stressful work looms large in life, experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird watching, can lead to selfrenewal and a more “balanced” way of life.

  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为experiences of a different nature can lead to selfrenewal and a more ..., 定语从句in which...looms large in life修饰society,短语loom large意为 “(赫然出现)压在心头,威胁着,笼罩着”。

  译文: 在城市社会中,结构严密、步调迅速、充满压力的工作笼罩着人们的生活,某种不同性质的经历,不管是看电视还是观鸟,都能带来自我更新和一种“平衡的”生活方式。

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